喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩   总被引：62，自引：33，他引：29  

吴福元  刘志超  刘小驰  纪伟强 《岩石学报》2015,31(1):1-36

在青藏高原南部的喜马拉雅地区,分布有两条世界瞩目的淡色花岗岩带。南带主要沿高喜马拉雅和特提斯喜马拉雅之间的藏南拆离系(STDS)分布,俗称高喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩带,构成喜马拉雅山的主体。北带淡色花岗岩位于特提斯喜马拉雅单元内,又被称之为特提斯喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩带。这些花岗岩多以规模不等的岩席形式侵入到周边沉积-变质岩系之中,或者呈岩株状产出于变质穹窿的核部。岩体本身大多岩性均匀,变形程度不等,但岩体边缘可见较多的围岩捕虏体,并在部分情况下见及围岩的接触变质作用,反映它们的异地侵位特征。上述两带中的淡色花岗岩在矿物组成和岩石类型上表现为惊人的相似性,主要由不同比例的石英、钾长石、斜长石、黑云母(5%)、白云母、电气石和石榴石等构成二云母花岗岩、电气石花岗岩和石榴石花岗岩三大主要岩石类型。从不同地区的野外观察来看,二云母花岗岩为喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩的主体岩石类型,而电气石花岗岩和石榴石花岗岩主要以规模不等的脉体形式赋存于二云母花岗岩之中,反映前两者晚期侵位的特征。地球化学特征上,这些花岗岩具有高Si、Al、K,低Ca、Mg、Fe、Ti的特点,接近花岗岩的低共熔点组分。绝大多数淡色花岗岩具有较高的含铝指数,属于过铝花岗岩。微量元素表现为较大的变化范围,但总体上表现为富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb和放射性元素U,而不同程度亏损Ba、Th、Nb、Sr、Ti等元素。稀土元素总量总体上明显低于世界上酸性岩的平均丰度,且绝大部分表现为轻-中等程度的稀土元素分馏和不同程度的Eu负异常。传统认为,喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩是原地-近原地侵位的纯地壳来源的低熔花岗岩。但本文通过分析提出,该花岗岩可能是从一种高温的花岗岩浆演化而来,其岩浆源区的性质或成因类型目前还难以确定。该岩浆在上升侵位的过程中曾经历过大规模地壳物质的混染,并发生了高度分离结晶作用。因此,喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩首先是一种高分异型的花岗岩,是真正意义上的异地深成侵入体,而并不是原地或半原地的部分熔融体。这种以大规模地壳混染和结晶分异作用为特征的花岗岩系,在花岗岩的研究内容中还未被充分地讨论。以前根据相关信息认为这些岩石来自于沉积岩部分熔融的结论,只是较多地注意到了后期地壳混染和结晶分异作用的特征。即使这些岩石的原始岩浆将来被证明真的来源于沉积岩系的部分熔融,那以前的结论也只能说是"歪打正着"。根据形成年龄和地质-地球化学特征,本文将这些花岗岩划分为原喜马拉雅(44~26Ma)、新喜马拉雅(26~13Ma)和后喜马拉雅(13~7Ma)三大阶段。其中第一阶段对应印度-亚洲汇聚而导致的大陆碰撞造山作用,而后两个阶段同加厚的喜马拉雅-青藏高原碰撞造山带拆沉作用有关,对应青藏高原的全面隆升。根据这些淡色花岗岩的岩石与地球化学特征,我们还不能支持青藏高原存在广泛的中地壳流动的模型。相反,俯冲的高喜马拉雅岩系在深部的部分熔融及随该岩系折返而发生的分离结晶作用可很好地解释淡色花岗岩所具有的系列特征。  相似文献   

北京城市下垫面的非均匀性度量研究     

刘勇洪  何文斌  徐永明 《南京气象学院学报》2015,7(5):444-450

城市下垫面非均匀性度量研究对于改进中尺度数值模式、提高城市气象预报准确率具有重要意义.基于分形布朗运动理论和Landsat-TM卫星遥感图像,估算了2011年北京典型下垫面类型个例和整个空间区域的分数维,由此来度量北京城市下垫面的非均匀性特征.研究结果显示:分数维能有效度量北京城市下垫面的非均匀程度,典型下垫面类型的分数维高低顺序为商业区 >大型居民区 >城市绿地 >农田>林地 >水体;北京六环内区域及郊区城镇地表非均匀特征明显,分数维一般在2.50以上,北京城市中心(二环内)存在一个分数维相对低值区,二环—四环之间区域分数维普遍较高,在2.70以上,五环以外分数维则不断降低,反映出北京城市下垫面非均匀性从中心向外呈低—高—低的空间分布;下垫面类型中建筑用地、绿地、未利用地、农田、林地和水体的平均分数维分别为2.71、2.62、2.55、2.38、2.30和2.28,分数维值的高低反映了城市下垫面类型的非均匀程度大小,对定量描述城市边界层参数的复杂特征具有参考意义.  相似文献   

基于HJ-1A高光谱的黄河口碱蓬和柽柳盖度反演模型研究   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

任广波  张杰  马毅 《海洋学报》2015,37(9):51-58

碱蓬和柽柳是黄河口湿地典型的盐生植物类型,是多种保护珍禽的主要栖息地,具有景观尺度较小、分布广且多混生的特点。应用覆盖黄河口北部潮滩的HJ-1A高光谱遥感影像,基于现场测量的端元光谱和从遥感影像中使用顺序最大角凸锥法(SAMCC)自动提取的端元光谱,应用线性光谱分解法(LSU)、正交子空间投影法(OSP)、匹配滤波法(MF)、最小能量约束法(CEM)和自适应一致估计法(ACE)5种不同光谱解混方法进行混合像元光谱解混,对比两种方法得到的端元光谱分别对碱蓬和柽柳盖度的反演能力,并给出相应的反演模型。结果显示:(1)现场测量端元光谱取得了较好的碱蓬和柽柳盖度反演结果,其中应用LSU方法的光谱解混结果与现场测量盖度的决定系数对于碱蓬和柽柳分别达到了0.88和0.95;(2)两种端元获取方式的光谱解混结果中,LSU和OSP方法均获得了较高的相关性,ACE解混方法的相关性都最低;(3)SAMCC方法提取端元光谱对柽柳的分解结果与现场测量盖度的相关性远高于碱蓬。  相似文献   

机载Lidar数据的农作物覆盖度及LAI反演   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

崔要奎  赵开广  范闻捷  徐希孺 《遥感学报》2011,15(6):1282-1294

虽然Lidar点云数据已被广泛应用于获取森林各项结构参数,但这些方法并不适合于低矮的灌丛、林地和农作物。本文以玉米为研究对象,提出利用机载Lidar点云数据的强度信息和全波形数据中的距离与扫描天顶角信息,反演农作物覆盖度和LAI的方法。在黑河进行的飞行实验和地面验证表明,该方法具有较高精度,也表明Lidar在低矮自然植被监测和农业应用上有较大潜力。  相似文献   

Non-Fickian mass transport in fractured porous media     

Sergei A. Fomin  Vladimir A. ChugunovToshiyuki Hashida 《Advances in water resources》2011,34(2):205-214

The paper provides an introduction to fundamental concepts of mathematical modeling of mass transport in fractured porous heterogeneous rocks. Keeping aside many important factors that can affect mass transport in subsurface, our main concern is the multi-scale character of the rock formation, which is constituted by porous domains dissected by the network of fractures. Taking into account the well-documented fact that porous rocks can be considered as a fractal medium and assuming that sizes of pores vary significantly (i.e. have different characteristic scales), the fractional-order differential equations that model the anomalous diffusive mass transport in such type of domains are derived and justified analytically. Analytical solutions of some particular problems of anomalous diffusion in the fractal media of various geometries are obtained. Extending this approach to more complex situation when diffusion is accompanied by advection, solute transport in a fractured porous medium is modeled by the advection-dispersion equation with fractional time derivative. In the case of confined fractured porous aquifer, accounting for anomalous non-Fickian diffusion in the surrounding rock mass, the adopted approach leads to introduction of an additional fractional time derivative in the equation for solute transport. The closed-form solutions for concentrations in the aquifer and surrounding rocks are obtained for the arbitrary time-dependent source of contamination located in the inlet of the aquifer. Based on these solutions, different regimes of contamination of the aquifers with different physical properties can be readily modeled and analyzed.  相似文献   

Water,restite and granite mineralisation     

A. J. R. White 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(4):551-555

Dehydration (vapour absent) partial melting reactions in the Earth's crust produce a hydrous granitic melt phase, new anhydrous minerals that are mostly pyroxenes, and new plagioclase more calcic than the initial plagioclase. These solid phases of the melt reaction are restite. If the restite is carried to high levels in the crust as a component of the magma, cooling and crystallisation to granite will result in back reactions in which the H₂O in the melt phase is consumed and is not then available to form a hydrothermal solution. Even in magmas in which some restite has been removed there will be some back reaction and again less H₂O. Only fractional crystallisation will enrich the H₂O in the magma in sufficient amounts to form a substantial quantity of hydrothermal solution and possible mineralisation.  相似文献   

An iterative pressure‐stabilized fractional step algorithm in saturated soil dynamics     

Xikui Li  Xue Zhang  Xianhong Han  D. C. Sheng 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2010,34(7):733-753

This paper presents an iterative, incremental pressure‐stabilized fractional step algorithm for coupled hydro‐mechanical problems with mixed formulations of the displacement–pressure ( u –p) model in saturated soil dynamics that allows the use of finite elements with equal low order of interpolation approximation of u and p. In comparison with the original fractional step algorithm, the distinct features of the proposed algorithm lie in its enhanced stability owing to the introduction of both an iteration procedure and a finite increment calculus (FIC) process into the algorithm. The introduction of the iterative procedure makes the velocity term satisfy the momentum conservation equation in an implicit sense and allows much larger time step sizes to be used than those limited in existing explicit and semi‐implicit versions of the algorithm. The introduction of the FIC process removes the dependence of the stability of the proposed algorithm on the time step size, as a result it allows to using the incremental version of the algorithm and evades the minimum time step size requirement presented in the existing versions of the fractional step algorithm that restricts the application of the algorithm to saturated soil dynamics problems with high frequencies. Numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and improved performance of the proposed iterative pressure‐stabilized fractional step algorithm. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Dynamic responses of two buildings connected by viscoelastic dampers under bidirectional earthquake excitations   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Z.D. Yang  Eddie S.S. Lam 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2014,13(1):137-150

In this study,dynamic responses of two buildings connected by viscoelastic dampers under bidirectional excitations are extensively investigated.The two buildings are a 10-story building and a 16-story building,with the shorter building on the left.Viscoelastic dampers are installed at all fl oors of the shorter building.Equations of motion are formulated using a fractional derivative model to represent the viscoelastic dampers.Three cases are considered with mass eccentricities at 0,10% and-10% with respect to the dimensions of the buildings.The responses of the buildings are numerically predicted at different damper properties.The simulation results indicated that the maximum horizontal responses of the buildings without eccentricities are signifi cantly mitigated.However,torsional effects are adversely increased.For asymmetric buildings,the effectiveness of the connecting dampers is affected by building eccentricities.As a result,mass eccentricities must be taken into account in damper selection.When compared with vibrations induced by unidirectional excitations,bidirectional excitations can increase the responses of coupled asymmetric buildings.In addition,installing dampers only at the top fl oor of the shorter building may cause a sudden change in lateral stiffness of the taller building.Consequently,the story shear envelopes of the taller building are changed.  相似文献   

空间归一化边界识别方法用于判断地质体的水平位置及深度(英文)   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

李丽丽  韩立国  黄大年 《应用地球物理》2014,11(2):149-157

边界识别是重磁数据解释中的常用方法之一,依据其结果可划分出地质体的水平范围。边界识别结果受地质体埋深及导数计算误差的影响所识别边界与真实边界之间存在一定的差距,且边界识别法无法直观地给出地质体的深度信息。为了获得异常体的水平位置和深度信息,本文提出空间归一化边界识别方法,其对不同深度的边界识别函数进行归一化计算,空间归一化边界识别法的最大值对应于异常体的水平位置和深度。常规边界识别结果的误差随理深的减小而减小,而空间归一化边界识别法是通过最大值来判断地质体的位置,最大值是在地质体处获得,因此归一化边界识别方法所获得的结果是准确的。通过理论模型试验证明归一化边界识别方法能有效地完成异常体的水平位置和深度的计算,所获得的水平位置和深度信息与理论值相一致,为下一步的勘探计划提供了更加可靠的依据。将其应用于实际航磁数据的解释,获得了断裂的具体分布形式。  相似文献   

北京高科技产业集群衍生效应及其影响分析——基于中关村科技园区的案例研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

高雪莲 《地域研究与开发》2009,28(1)

以北京高科技产业集群衍生效应的分析为核心,将衍生效应分为两大类:企业衍生效应和技术衍生效应.通过实证研究.分析出衍生效应的主要表现形式,并以此为基础设定分析标准,用以反映北京高科技产业集群的发展特点.研究发现:衍生效应能够提升竞争优势和智力资源的利用效率,对高科技产业集群的发展有积极意义;同时,衍生效应能够强化集群专业化分工,促进技术扩散;技术衍生效应能促进企业规模化和专业化,而企业衍生效应强化了集群内部的竞争,能促进技术创新和研发投入.  相似文献